Takeaways from Software Is Changing (Again) by Andrej Karpathy

I recently came across Software Is Changing (Again) talk by Andrej Karpathy 👇

Here are some unpolished screenshots, summaries, related to that talk which needs to be organized 😜

At Tesla, he observed that as 2.0 (neural network) code grows lot of 1.0 (traditional code) gets deleted.

Be fluent in all of them – they all have slight pros and cons. You might want to program something in 1.0, 2.0 or 3.0

AI is new electricity

• CAPEX -> Capital Expense
• OPEX -> Operating Expense
• brownouts -> powercut

Part 3 - Opportunities

Partial autonomy apps - Copilot / Cursor for X

Lot of software will become partially autonomous

How are you going to make product & services partially autonomous?

Can a LLM see everything that a human can see? Can an LLM act in the way the human act? Can a human supervise and stay in the loop of the activity?

Most of the softwares are built for human -> all the sliders, button, etc. All of these has to be accessible to the LLMs

Speed up the loop (in our interest)

Two different applications. Not one

Self driving, in 2015 - he had a perfect drive (think of demo)

Even now 2025, we’re still working on making self driving perfect.

Software is same as this.

2025 is year of agents - Not yet.

Partial autonomy product.

Vibe coding is great when you want to build something that doesn’t exist and you just want to bring it on Saturday or something.

Code is actually easy part!

Build for Agents 🤖

Resources

• https://drive.google.com/file/d/1a0h1mkwfmV2PlekxDN8isMrDA5evc4wW/view
• https://x.com/gregisenberg/status/1935776270329298965/photo/2

Happy building software (3.0)